Social Disorganization Essay Example

Social Disorganization Essay Crime and our reaction to it have been studied now for over 200 years. Utilitarian philosophers Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham suggested that individuals think rationally about crime and punishment and weigh the pros and cons before acting. These ideas came to be known as classical criminology. (Cullen and Agnew, 1999) Many theories exist today and all anyone has to do is pick up an introductory criminology text and you can read about individual/psychological reasons, sociological causes of crime and delinquency, and genetic/developmental explanations of deviant behavior. One of the most profound findings in criminology that have stood the test of time and the scrutiny of replication studies is Shaw and McKays social disorganization theory (1942). It shares a powerful understanding that, should we be capable of identifying the social forces behind it, would allow us to dramatically reduce or prevent future crime. Social Disorganization The concept of social disorganization is largely associated with an ecological theory that was developed by researchers of the University of Chicago, such as Park, Burgess, and McKenzie (Reid, 1994). The Chicago School has studied humans in their natural environments, and has tried to thread the connections of city expansion and social disorganization with crime and delinquency (Cullen and Agnew, 1999). Park et al. (1925) examined the community characteristics to find some apparent explanations for variation in rates of delinquency in the Chicago area. They developed a five-concentric-zone model that portrayed the city as a series of circles. At the center of the concentric zone model was a zone referred to as the central business district with its businesses and factories but fewer residences. Zone two, referred to as the zone of transition because businesses and factories were encroaching on this area. This zone contained railroad yards and slum housing. Immigrants usually settled into this zone because it was not expensive and near the factories where they could find job. As they could afford to move, they move to the zone of workingmens homes (third zone). This zone was where the working class families lived. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Disorganization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Disorganization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Disorganization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fourth zone was called the zone of better residences. It was essentially a middle-class residential area and it consisted of good quality apartment buildings, some residential hotels, and expensive houses owned or occupied primarily by the middle class. Called the communter zone. This zone contained the suburbs functioned as residential areas for upper middle class and upper class workers (Shannon, 1989). Each zone had its own structure and organization, characteristics, and inhabitants. Park et al. (1925) found that Zone two was primarily an urban area characterized by low-income individuals and social problems such as crime and juvenile delinquency. The most obvious characteristic of this zone was its constant change because of the influx of immigrants who moved into the area. Shaw and McKay (1942/1969) used the Burgess concentric zone model to investigate the relationship between crime rates and the various zones of the city. They found higher crime rates in the areas nearest to the zone of central business, in other words, crime tended to be higher in the zone of transition and tended to decrease the further away from the zone of transition. They also found that high rates of crime and delinquency were associated with the areas of immigrants, nonwhites and low-income families who lived in slum areas. Shaw and McKay (1942) made a great effort to determine the characteristics of the community and to help provide valid explanations of why high crime and delinquency exist in some areas of a city. Shaw and McKay (1942) examined the relationships between the rates of delinquency and differential characteristics of several major cities, namely Chicago. Cleveland, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Richmond. They found that delinquency rates varied from one community area to another with high-delinquency areas associated with population change often prompted by industrialization and urbanization. The researchers suggested that weak police systems and weak community social-control agencies contributed to an increase in crime rates and delinquency, especially in areas nearest the center of the city. Shaw and McKay (1942:316), based on their ecological studies, formulated the major assumption of the Social Disorganization Theory: In some parts of the city, attitudes which support and sanction delinquency are. it seems, sufficiently extensive and dynamic to become the controlling forces in the development of delinquent careers among a relatively large number of boys and young men. These are the low-income areas where delinquency has developed in the form of social tradition inseparable from the life of the local community. nbsp; Shaw and McKay (1942) noted other factors that may contribute to delinquency. These factors included economic and social factors, which were observed among youth in the slum areas where crime and delinquency thrive, where community controls were weak, and where family supervision was weak. They also showed relationships between delinquency and population change, poor housing, slum neighborhoods, poverty, and unemployment. Children who experience this type of culture tend to produce norms and values that are different from those of the larger society and, therefore, a subculture is produced. Shaw and McKay (1942) pointed out that traditions and values of delinquency are transferred through successive generations in a similar way that language, social roles, and attitudes are learned and transferred. Shaw and McKay however, did not provide sufficient explanation of the processes of becoming a delinquent. This point was discussed by Sutherland (1947) in his theory of differential association. (Cullen and Agnew, 1999) Shaw and McKay (1942) found that the rates of delinquency varied inversely with distance from the center of the city. They indicated that poverty-stricken areas usually contained a high degree of social disorganization, which in turns leads to delinquency. Shaw and McKay indicated that youths in deprived areas wanted to achieve their goals by using legitimate ways, but they did not have legitimate means to obtain what society encourages, such as material goods and education. This, in turn, may lead those youths to use illegitimate avenues to attain societys goals. Shaw and McKay (1942) stated: Groups in areas of lowest economic status find themselves at a disadvantage in the struggle to achieve the goals idealized in our civilization. Those persons who occupy a disadvantageous position are involved in a conflict between the goals assumed to be attainable in a free society and those actually attainable for a large proportion of the population. It is understandable, then, that the economic position of persons living in the areas of least opportunity should be translated at times into unconventional conduct. nbsp; Finally, Shaw and McKay (1942) pointed out that rapid social changes, such as migrations to cities, can cause social disorganization. They argued that social disorganization or disruption in the incoming groups occur if the institutions and social roles of newcomers do not meet the needs of the situation and if the incoming populations not able or is not given opportunities to perform the roles in traditional institutions. Definition of Social Disorganization Since the initial introduction by Shaw and McKay, the concept of social disorganization has been further refined and redefined by many criminologists who follow Shaw and McKay (1942) and expand their effort to relate crime and delinquency. They believe that crime and delinquency can be seen as a product of rapid social changes in the society, which in turn, lead to social disorganization. Mowrer (1942) pointed out that social disorganization is a normal consequence of social change. He indicated many social problems occur because of the disorganization of society caused by divorce, delinquency, crimes, poverty, and unemployment. Mowrer believed that disorganization can be social and personal, although personal disorganization cannot grow out of social disorganization because they are bound together. Finally. Mowrer argued that social disorganization leads to the breakdown in institutional controls, official or nonofficial social controls. Fans (1948:49) perceived social disorganization as coming from a disturbance in the patterns and mechanisms of human relationships. He indicated social disorganization appears when the parts of the patterns and mechanisms of such relationships lose their integration and fail to function according to their implicit purposes. Also, he believed the decline of unity and harmony in a society is a primary condition of social disorganization. For example, the family and the neighborhood showed indications of increasing disharmony with the increasing rate of divorce and the virtual disappearance of neighborhood life in certain parts of large cities. The essential feature in the social disorganization that underlies high crime rates and delinquency, according to Fans, appeared to be the failure of the normal mechanisms of social control. Fans believed social changes affected the modern societies, which led to a weakening of family and neighborhood controls. Elliott and Merrill (1950:20) defined social disorganization as the process by which the relationships between members of a group are broken or dissolved. They noted a relationship between social changes and social disorganization by pointing out most changing societies tend to be disorganized because of the disparity in the rate of change between the different social elements. Thus, social disorganization, according to Elliott and Merrill, was a natural consequence of social change. Merton (1966) defined social disorganization as inadequacies or failures in a social system that makes individuals less fully aware of their problems. Bursik (1988) studied the concept of social disorganization as the inability of local community to identify the common values of its residents and solve commonly experienced problems. Social disorganization, according to Sampson and Groves (1989:777) is defined as the inability of a community structure to realize the common values of its residents and maintain effective social control. This definition has been used by many researchers (Kawachi et al., 1999). According to Taylor and Covington (1993:375), the social disorganization theory posits effects of community structure on crime and delinquency. Social disorganization theorists argue that rapid social changes, massive immigration, industrialization, and urbanization lead to weakening of social norms that cause the higher rates of crime rates (Traub and Little, 1999). Bloch and Prince (1967) argued that there are many indices that help identify whether or not a society has problems of social disorganization: social problems are the most obvious symptoms of disorganization. They noted that indices of social disorganization may be subdivided into three principal categories: (a) individual: (b) family: and (c) community. Delinquency, crime, mental pathologies, alcoholism, and suicide are individual indices of social disorganization: desertion, divorce, and child neglect are some indices of family disorganization: and disorganization of community may be seen in the high rates of unemployment, disorganized community controls, and governmental corruption. Bloch and Prince (1967) argued that delinquency was caused from individual levels of social disorganization, instead it results from the disorder within both family and community life. Crime is seen as a product of rapid change in society, an idea that can be traced to Durkheims (1964) work on social solidarity. The foundation for the social disorganization perspective emerged from Durkheims argument of social change. When a society is in a state of social disorganization, people have a low degree of solidarity and they are set free of normative constraints, leading people to drift from conformity into deviance; thus, social disorganization is a social disorder. (Bloch and Prince, 1967) Despite the subtle variations in how social disorganization is conceived, it is clear that social disorganization is a product of structural transformation that weakens traditional and largely conforming reinforcement control structure. This disorganization tends to further give rise to computing and perhaps deviant value structures, which can promote deviant behavior including crime and delinquency. Empirical Findings of Social Disorganization Since the original studies conducted by Shaw and McKay, social disorganization has been empirically examined is a variety of studies. Chilton (1964) conducted a continuity delinquency area research study in three American cities: Baltimore (Maryland), Detroit (Michigan), and Indianapolis (Indiana), to determine and compare the delinquency rates in these cities. In these three cities, delinquency was characterized by overcrowded housing, low income, foreign birth, and low education. His findings supported the argument that delinquency was related to poor housing, and some economic factors. Sampson and Groves (1989) conducted several studies centered around community traits and crime. They examined the disruption of community social organization. They tested factors such as low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility and family disruption, which contribute to community social disorganization. Sampson and Groves (1989), in their 1982 study of community structure and crime, used local friendship networks, control of street-corner teenage peer groups, and prevalence of organizational participation to measure the community level disorganization, using data from the British Crime Survey (BCS). They examined their model by analyzing the data for 328 localities in England and Wales. The model was replicated in 1984 on an independent national sample of 11.030 residents of 300 British localities. In these two studies, they found that urbanization, socioeconomic status, heterogeneity, family disruption, and residential instability have direct influences on cri me rates. They considered their study an extension of Shaw and McKays (1932/1942) systematic model of community social disorganization and their findings support Shaw and McKays theory. Bachman (1991) established a model that combined elements of social disorganization and economic deprivation. He examined the relationship between indicators of social disorganization and economic deprivation with the high level of lethal violence. Controlling other demographic variables, he analyzed 11 counties of American Indian reservation lands in Oklahoma. Findings of the study support the hypothesis that the higher the level of social disorganization and economic deprivation, the higher the level of lethal violence. Smith and Jarjoura (1988:43) conducted study to test the relationship between community characteristics posited by Shaw and McKay and rates of burglary and violent crime. Their study was victimization interviews with a random sample of 11.419 residents of 57 neighborhoods in three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA). They found that communities that are characterized by rapid population turnover and high levels of poverty have significantly higher violent crime rates than mobile areas that are more affluent or poor areas that are characterized by more stable population. Warner and Pierce (1993) assessed the findings of previous social disorganization studies using data that included calls to the police from 60 Boston neighborhoods during the year 1980. Their aim was to examine how the variables of poverty, race, and residential mobility related to one another and the sequential effect of such relationships on social disorganization. Warner and Pierce found that poverty, racial heterogeneity, and residential mobility were related to areas characterized by social disorganization. Moreover, they suggested that replication studies of these three variables were needed to validate hypotheses. Warner and Pierce concluded that neighborhoods with high rates of crime tended to be characterized by low mobility, ethnic heterogeneity, and poverty. Stem and Smith (1995) tested an ecological hypothesis that family context influences parenting, which in turn affects adolescent behavior. Their study was based on a sample of 864 adolescents and their parents. They found the familys disadvantaged neighborhood, life distress, social isolation, and lack of parental support were associated with dysfunctional parenting that increased delinquency. This study also supports the social disorganization theory. Bellair (1997) used data collected from 60 urban neighborhoods in 1977 to examine citizens attitudes and level of satisfaction when calling on local police departments. The research focused on social interaction of neighbor networks to examine the relationship between community and crime. Bellair (1997:696) discussed the importance of social disorganization to show its essential function. He believes systemic social disorganization is based on Shaw and McKays (1942) study of the neighborhood, and this theory now is more obviously conceptualized because its root is the concept that well-developed local network structures reduce crime by increasing informal control. The research examined the assumption that social interaction among neighbors is one of the most effective ways to reduce crime rates. Bellair (1997) constructed 10 measures of social interaction and tested these measures separately on the rates of three serious crimes across 60 urban neighborhoods. The research found that social interaction among neighbors of a community has the most consistent and the strongest effect on preventing burglaries, motor vehicle thefts, and robberies. Bellair concluded that social disorganization research needs to continue exploring the dynamics of local network structures and he suggested that criminologists investigate interaction among neighbors and its relationship to crime; an issue that has rarely been studied. Donnelly and Kimble (1997) investigated the effects of an urban neighborhoods response to a significant increase in crime and drugs. They suggested locally developed crime prevention plans. They collected data on a number of issues before and after the design was fulfilled. They made pre-and post-planned telephone surveys in which 191 interviews were conducted in 1992 and 183 in 1993, after the plan was implemented. The researchers attempted to determine the residents perceptions of crime, safety, and involvement and commitment to the neighborhood. They found a significant decrease in crime when the number of outsiders coming into the community was kept to a minimum. They argued that locally developed crime prevention plans can be successful. Veysey and Messner (1999) provided another test of the social disorganization theory making some modifications of the original Shaw and McKay (1942) theory. They added some new indicators of social disorganization and used data from the British Crime Survey (BCS) which was conducted in 1982: a multistage cluster design was used to collect data. Based on the findings, they believed that it is difficult to understand social disorganization by using one single construct. They also argued that there are two possibilities for the results that have the lack of support for the indicators of social disorganization, which do not interpose the effects of family disruption and urbanization. First, disorganization does not capture the fundamental construct: in other words, these measures used poor indicators; a second possibility is the measurement error. Veysey and Messner (1999) agreed with Sampson and Groves (1989:799) conclusion that social disorganization has vitality and renewed relevance for explaining macro-level variation in crime rates. Critique of Social Disorganization Bursik (1988) studied social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency by focusing on some criticisms of the perspective and attempted to address these criticisms and problems. He also tried to make new extensions of social disorganization and discussed the neighborhood as a context for individual behavior. Bursik pointed out that the causal linkage between social disorganization and neighborhood delinquency was not clearly examined by Shaw and McKay (1942). Bursik (1988:521) argued that Shaw and McKay draw their work on some elements of strain, cultural conflict, and control theories, but their logical implications of those frameworks are at times inconsistent. The Shaw and McKay model of social disorganization, according to Bursik. is similar to the control theory because their model has processes of internal and external sources of control. Bortner (1988:229) pointed out that social disorganization is based on the assumption that high rates of crime and delinquency are associated with indicators of social disorganization. He criticized this by arguing that the assumption has been challenged because this perspective should examine that high rates of delinquency will be eliminated when equilibrium of traditional social order is restored. Bartol and Bartol (1989) mentioned that the work of Shaw and McKay (1942) did not include female delinquents.   They justified that by saying that Shaw and McKay (1942) did not include female delinquents in their studies, but also most contemporary theorists and researchers have given scant attention to female offenders. Bartol and Bartol (1989:88) argued that exclusion of female offenders in Shaw and McKays studies was because they believed male offenders accounted for the vast majority of the official data on delinquency [and they] did not believe that their ecological theory applied equally to all delinquency. Bartol and Bartol (1989) also noted that although Shaw and McKay (1932 and 1942) mentioned that traditions and values of delinquency are transmitted from generation to generation, they did not specify the process of becoming a delinquent. Reid (1994) indicated that several sociologists criticized Shaw and McKay (1942) model of social disorganization by questioning the methodology of the studies, the representativeness of the data, and the logic of the research. Also, they argued that Shaw and McKays work does not explain why crime rates vary when ethnic groups are compared. Agnew (1999) argued that factors of social disorganization weaken the ability of residents of a community to control crimes in their area, which directly and indirectly causes crime with the emerging delinquent peer groups. He supported the need for more research on deprivation and crime because this will help to determine the relationship between non-economic variables and community crime rates. Conclusion It is important to note that the extensive study of Shaw and McKay (1942) identified findings similar to those of Park et al. (1925) concerning the distribution of juvenile delinquency. Their findings revealed that delinquency was concentrated near the center of the city, where social disorganization was most evidence. It is obvious that Shaw and McKays work played a major role in formulating the social disorganization theory.   Shaw and McKay were interested in the relationship between community organization and crime (Bellair, 1997). Bursik (1988) indicated that most criminologists interested in social disorganization used the concept as developed by Shaw and McKay during the 1950s and 1960s. In that time, Shaw and McKay established new methods to collect and analyze data from the field. They combined different types of data to determine the relationships between community and crime. Their efforts helped later criminologists believe that crime and delinquency can be seen as a pro duct of the rapid social changes in the society, which in turn, lead to social disorganization. The previously stated studies focused differently when they examined social disorganization. Many studies employed similar assumptions and methods that were used by Shaw and McKay. Several studies used community-level analysis to examine social disorganization by determining the effects of community factors on delinquency. Several others used neighborhood-level analysis to examine the impact of social disorganization on delinquency. Others linked social disorganization and economic deprivation. Most of the above studies asserted the fact that social disorganization theory is important because it provides an adequate explanation of variations in delinquency rates, although few studies have included more than one indicator of social disorganization to examine its relative effects on delinquency. This theory was used by Shaw and McKay noted to explain the pronounced social changes following World War I and the Great Depression, including immigration, modernization, urbanization, development, and industrialization in the United States.

Another Quiz About Parallel Structure in Sentences

Another Quiz About Parallel Structure in Sentences Another Quiz About Parallel Structure in Sentences Another Quiz About Parallel Structure in Sentences By Mark Nichol Errors of organization plague writing not just in overall structure or paragraph formation but also even within sentences. One frequent problem is a misunderstanding about how multiple elements in a sentence must be marshaled to clearly communicate relationships between the components. In each sentence below, repair the lapse in parallel structure and then compare your solution to mine in the paragraph that follows the example: 1. â€Å"The thing to remember is that you are unique, original, and this is what you have to offer.† The items in a run-in list (one integrated into a sentence, as opposed to a vertical list, as in a numbered or bulleted list) should all relate to one verb or should each be supported by their own; nothing in between is acceptable. But this sentence is deceptive; it doesn’t really include a list. The almost-but-not-quite-redundant words unique and original should be treated as one idea (separated by and), followed by the existing second clause: â€Å"The thing to remember is that you are unique and original, and this is what you have to offer.† 2. â€Å"The district attorney said Smith had been texting, driving at a speed that was unsafe for the conditions, and had failed to yield to Jones.† This sentence, which does include a run-in list, also has a confused structure, because, as explained above, all three phrases should be preceded by a verb, or they should all share one. The same solution as in the example above can be employed here in this case, the combining of the first two items into a simultaneous combination: â€Å"The district attorney said Smith had been texting while driving at a speed that was unsafe for the conditions and had failed to yield to Jones.† 3. â€Å"We have been spat on, called names, physically attacked, and censured by the administration for defending ourselves, even as our attackers went unpunished.† This sentence implies that the administration is responsible not only for censuring the people in question but also for spitting on them and verbally and physically attacking them. However, it should be clear that distinct parties undertook those indignities and the censure; the administration did not commit the former acts. To clarify, distance the censure from the rest by making a separate list of the first three items (the last one preceded by and) and inserting â€Å"as well as† before censure: â€Å"We have been spat on, called names, and physically attacked, as well as censured by the administration for defending ourselves, even as our attackers went unpunished.† 4. â€Å"They may do so out of fear, guilt, unfamiliarity with alcohol problems, or because they seem to gain something.† The word or in the middle of this sentence sends the statement off in a new direction, so the list that precedes it must be self-contained. The first inclination might be to revise it to â€Å"They may do so out of fear, guilt, or unfamiliarity with alcohol problems, or because they seem to gain something.† However, the reader may misread the structure as referring to â€Å"fear of alcohol problems,† â€Å"guilt about alcohol problems,† and â€Å"unfamiliarity with alcohol problems,† but the fear and guilt are not directly associated with â€Å"alcohol problems.† This revision more clearly organizes the thought: â€Å"They may do so out of fear or guilt, or unfamiliarity with alcohol problems, or because they seem to gain something.† 5. â€Å"Aside from intoxicating beverages, alcohols are used in flavorings, perfumes, as a solvent in medicines, various chemical compounds, as a medical antiseptic, hand sanitizer, and as a fuel for cooking and heating.† This sentence benefits from a reorganization of its elements that lines up logical subgroupings as well as produces grammatically parallel elements: â€Å"Aside from intoxicating beverages, alcohols are used in flavorings and perfumes, as solvents in medicines and various chemical compounds, as medical antiseptics and hand sanitizers, and as fuels for cooking and heating.† See this previous post for more examples and solutions to faulty parallel structure in sentences. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite Adjectives75 Synonyms for â€Å"Talk†50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

How to Find the Best Trucking Jobs

How to Find the Best Trucking Jobs The New Year is the best time to be looking for trucking jobs, whether you’re a rookie rigger or an old pro. Here are a few ways to make your job search more successful. Look Good OnlineGoogle yourself. And check your Facebook settings. Are all the photos of you doing strip karaoke at the Christmas party visible to anyone who searches for you? Consider changing your privacy settings, or taking down a few posts or photos that might be offensive or might make you look like a less-than-responsible choice for a hiring manager.Look Good on PaperIf you don’t already have a resume, it’s time to make one. That way, if a hiring manager asks you for one you won’t have to make her wait. Make sure to save your resume in multiple file formats, and email a few to yourself so you can share it easily on the go. Make sure to also save a copy to a file-sharing cloud platform like Dropbox or Google Drive, for back-up, as well as on your laptop or computer. Print a few copies on professional, high-quality paper, as well as on regular copy paper for mailing. And remember to check your spelling, punctuation, grammar, and formatting!Wow ‘emInclude any experience or education that might be relevant to the trucking industry- any experience with heavy machinery, driving, towing, working with automobiles, etc. Also include any computer or technical expertise you might have, as well as any other dazzling skills.Give yourself an edge by proving you’re a reliable, self-starting candidate who can handle the tough jobs. Then go out and get those jobs.Expert Advice on Searching for the Best Truck Driving Jobs

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Motivation - Essay Example The study ash been able to answer all the research questions and has achieved the objectives of the study. The study concludes that the factors of motivation do not differ across generations. They have remained constant and include good wages, leadership roles, appreciation, recognition, achievement, job security and interesting work. Both derive intrinsic motivation from the work, responsibilities and these enhance their self-esteem in both cases. The difference lies in the expectations of the Yers fueled by the difference in the social environment in which they have grown up. This generation is ambitious and looks for quick career progression. This enthusiasm and expectation has to be recognized by the managers. They even prefer better communication with their managers and want to take leadership roles. Even though they receive salary as per industry standards, they aspire for more. Many have conceded that they are at their present jobs for lack of better alternative. This demonstr ates lack of motivation. Thus, the managers have to identify unique characteristics and talent at the time of recruitment and clarify the job roles so that the employees do not join under false impressions. They would not start their career with expectations that may not be fulfilled. Thus, the managers have the responsibility to establish psychological contract with the Gen Y to achieve enhanced performance through job satisfaction and employee motivation. The study concluded by providing the limitations to the study and making recommendations for further study in this area. The workforce today comprises of different generational cohorts such as Generations X, Y and baby-boomers that differ from each other. Generation Y is a highly pragmatic generation of workers and to accommodate their concerns endless rounds of corporate restructuring takes place (Amble, 2003). The young workers are full of enthusiasm and are keen to acquire skills and talents that would make them attractive to

Group Business Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Group Business Case Study - Essay Example The school website together with email is potent in engaging the parents in school matters, and empowers the families towards the Islamic studies at their homes. The KMRA website does not contain detailed information for educational issues, choice of teachers, and class timings. Some contents of school for education are focused on the static information such as school rules, curriculum information, school prospectus, mission and vision of organization, contact details and key dates. The core tool used for KMRA website cannot support the large number of customers’ data storage. HTML, CSS provide the development of front user interface and JavaScript supports the functionality. The current website of KMRA on education gives a little information about only courses, and timing. Online admission for students is also lacking in the current website. Once, students or parents are contacted they are told about the admission procedure via telephone for children about Islamic education. In this way, time and money are wasted because it takes enough time to tell them about the system. Once the student is enrolled, the information history is not saved in the system and administration of the school handles manually the record. Fees structure is not displayed about courses, and parents face serious issues about enquiring the dues of courses. No reliable payment module for parents and salary of teachers is embedded in the current website. Overall, the architecture for the current website of KMRA needs extra capabilities to get the required results. From above findings about the current computer based system of KMRA, administration, parents, teachers, and students face the serious issues about the education. Parents are not satisfied due to insufficient resources of communication for their children to learn from the teaching staff of KMRA. Parents go to bank for paying the fees of their children. It wastes time and money of parents. This is a big disadvantage of the syst em and parents search other sites for teaching their children. Permanent users/clients are the new one for the administration of KMRA because no history of existing parents and their children is saved. When parents ask for the availability of teachers, but teachers are not available at that time. The KMRA information system must have information about the caller and contact later when teachers are available. This functionality is also lacking in the system. All above-mentioned issues about KMRA’s education for children need the solution. Information systems have become the significant source of learning and research related activities. Building a reliable information system requires the use of advanced technology as the architecture for the information system. Architecture for the information system is expressed in the different ways. Management information system of an education institute is built in a meaningful way for performing the required functions. Management of KMRA information system receives information from external as well as internal sources. Architecture of the KMRA information system can be used for information interchange via the interfaces. Third way of expressing the architecture of KMRA information system is the use of layers. The conceptual model of layers uses the information technology for data processing through the latest technology. Infrastructure will provide the essential support for

Conan Doyle detective fiction Essay Example for Free

Conan Doyle detective fiction Essay Some people say that one of the reasons they enjoy reading crime stories like Sherlock Holmes is that order is always restored, good always triumphs over evil. Crime fiction is popular still today because there are many programmes on T. V today i. e. A Touch of Frost, Taggart, and Wire in the Blood. It is also in books like the novels of Ian Paterson. The genre is so popular because people enjoy it and there is an atmosphere of expectation in most stories. Conan Doyle was popular with the Victorian audience because the criminals always got caught, and his stories were published in a magazine read in a parlour or on a train journey. The basic structure of a crime story is that at the beginning there is order and all is well. Soon, however something happens usually a crime to disrupt that order. Then the detective investigates and solves the case. Finally order is restored again as good has defeated evil. This structure is evident in The Man with the Twisted Lip. For example it begins orderly at the beginning of the story as we read about Dr Watson and his wife in the sitting room just before the hour that a man goes to bed. His wife is knitting and Dr Watson sat in his chair. Then the order is disrupted when the doorbell rings and one of Dr Watsons patients Kate Whitney is at the door and she tells whats up. Dr Watson then goes to find Kate Whitneys husband and whilst there, finds Sherlock Holmes in the Opium den. The crime Sherlock Holmes has to investigate is the apparent murder of Neville St Clair. He solves the case by realising that Neville St Clair is in disguise as Hugh Boone. Finally order has been restored because Holmes gets to Neville St Clair and undisguises him as evil is defeated. Conan Doyle uses all the right ingredients and description to his villains which strikes fear into any reader. Dr Roylott is a perfect example of this. Conan Doyle describes him as So tall was he that his hat actually brushed the cross-bar of the doorway, and his breadth seemed to span it across from side to side. A large face, seared with a thousand wrinkles, burned yellow with the sun, and marked with evil passion, was turned from one to the other of us, while his deep-set, bile-shot eyes, and the high thin fleshless nose, gave him somewhat the resemblance to a fierce old bird of prey. This shows the sheer size and fierce looks that he has. I am a dangerous man to fall foul of! See here He stepped swiftly, seized the poker, and bent it into a curve with his huge brown hands. This shows how strong Dr Roylott is and to warn Sherlock Holmes off because other people fear him. In The Speckled Band Conan Doyle describes how aggressive, violent and Greedy Dr Roylott and that he uses his knowledge of medicine for evil doings. Jim Browner is another Conan Doyle that is very well described. His aggression, jealousy and uncontrollable rage are shown here. I swore to my wife that I would kill her if I found her under in his company again, and I led her back with me, sobbing and trembling and as white as a piece of paper. His cunning ways are shown here I had a heavy oak stick in my hand, and I telly you I saw red from the first; but as I ran I got cunning and hung back a little to see them without being seen. His violence and vengeance is shown here Crushed his head like an egg. I would have spared her, perhaps, for all my madness, but she threw her arms around him crying out to him I was like a wild beast that had tasted blood. This also shows there is no stopping him and that he gives no mercy. Conan Doyle carefully describes his settings to create tension and suspense. An example in The Man with the Twisted Lip Conan Doyle describes the opium den internally and externally to brilliant effect. The modern reader knows this is a place where sinister events happen, a black gap like the mouth of a cave Out of the black shadows there glimmered little red circles of light. The Victorian reader very familiar with the atmosphere in London and would be gripped by Watsons struggle to see and all the detail that Conan Doyle describes the Opium Den with. Sir Conan Doyle uses great language to create a tense atmosphere in The Speckled Band. In section where Helen Stoner relays what happened on the night her sister mysteriously died, he uses the story within the story to great effect. Firstly an atmosphere of foreboding is created as the weather is described The wind was howling, animal imagery which creates the effect that there is a wild beast outside. The rain was beating and splashing against the window which is describing the weather to create atmosphere of foreboding and uses words like beating to show violent imagery. Conan Doyle uses sentence structures effectively to create different atmospheres. He uses short sentences to create drama and also short sharp sentences followed by an exclamation mark to create a scary and tense atmosphere. For example in The Speckled Band when Julia shouts Oh my God! Helen! It was the band! Another example of a short sentence is when Helen says I knew that it was my sisters voice. Conan Doyle is very successful in writing detective fiction that appeals to a modern reader because he uses all the right ingredients and structure. Conan Doyle uses very interesting characters and evil villains, which makes the readers addicted to his detective fiction stories. He uses different types of language and sentence structure, which is very appealing to the readers.

Ancient Egyptian Religion :: essays research papers

Ancient Egyptian Religion Religion guided every aspect of Egyptian life. Egyptian religion was based on polytheism, or the worship of many deities, except for during the reign of Akenaton. The Egyptians had as many as 2000 gods and goddesses. Some, such as Amun, were worshipped throughout the whole country, while others had only a local following. Often gods and goddesses were represented as part human and part animal. For example, Horus, the sky god, had the head of a hawk, and body of a human. They considered animals such as the bull, the cat, and the crocodile to be holy. Their two chief gods were Amon-Ra and Osiris. Amon-Ra was believed to be the sun god and the lord of the universe. Osiris was the god of the underworld. Stories about him revolved around the idea of immortality. Osiris was the god that made a peaceful afterlife possible. The Egyptian "Book of the Dead" contains the major ideas and beliefs in the ancient Egyptian religion. Because their religion stressed an afterlife, Egyptians devoted much time and wealth to preparing for survival in the next world. The Egyptians had many tales about how the world began. According to one legend, it started with an ocean in darkness. Then a mound of dry land rose up and the sun god Re appeared. He created light and all things. Another version has the sun God emerging from a sacred blue lotus that grew out of the mud, while a third version has him appearing as a scarab beetle on the eastern horizon. Temples were considered dwelling places for the gods. They were everywhere. Each city had a temple built for the god of that city. The purpose of the temple was to be a cosmic center by which men had communication with the gods. As the priests became more powerful, tombs became a part of great temples. Shown below is a typical temple flood plan with the purposes of each section given. The priests duty was to care for the gods and attend to their needs. The priests had many duties such as funeral rites, teaching school, supervising the artists and works, and advising people on problems. Death and Funerals The Egyptians saw death as a transitional stage in the progress to a better life in the next world. They believed they could only reach their full potential after death. Each person was thought to have three souls, the "ka," the "ba," and the "akh." For these to function properly, it was considered essential for the body to survive intact.

First to Fight

FIRST TO FIGHT BOOK REPORT PFC WALTERS 1. TITLE: FIRST TO FIGHT 2. CBRN 1st Marine Division 3. AUTHOR: Victor H. Krulak Lieutenant General, USMC (Ret. ) 4. PUBLISHER: U. S. Naval Institute 5. PUBLISHED: 1984 6. PAGES: 227 7. COST: Base Library 8. SUBJECT: First to Fight is about Lieutenant General Victor H. Krulak’s personal experiences in the Marine Corps, and his ideas and opinions on how he views the Marine Corps. 9. OPINION: I thought First to Fight was a good book that went into a lot of detail into what Lieutenant General Krulak was a part of in the Marine Corps throughout his career.I did like the way he pointed out how the Marine Corps has always stood up for the American people’s rights in a roundabout way, without actually spelling it out. I also believe that every Marine needs to read this book because it shows how the Marines were almost absorbed and disbanded throughout history, and how close we were to not having a Marine Corps today. 10. INTRODUCTION: The book First to Fight starts off with a letter from then commandant General Randolph McC. Pate to Lieutenant General Krulak asking why the U.S. needs a Marine Corps. He responded five days later by answering the question conversely by asking why the U. S. does not need a Marine Corps. And the truth is America does not really need a Marine Corps. But the people want us to be here, not on any technical level but on a whole different level. The American people want it that way not on what we know what we are or what we know we can do, but what our country believes we are and believe what we can do. If that ever disappears, then so will the Marine Corps. 11.BODY: First to Fight starts out with Lieutenant General Krulak asking Gunnery Sergeant Walter Holzworth how the Marine Corps came by its reputation as of the world’s greatest fighting formations. He answered by stating that â€Å"they started right out telling everybody how great they were. Pretty soon they got to believing it themselves. And they have been busy ever since proving they were right. † He then goes on to talk about the beginning of the Marine Corps back in 1775 and how the Marines were initially raiders against British Commerce. The Continental Marines actually disappeared after the Treaty of Paris in 1783.They were revived in 1794, and their position was solidified in law in 1798. The Marines were used as seagoing police to help the Navy maintain discipline in its ships. Lady Luck has played a big role in keeping the Marines around also, by Lieutenant Presley O’Bannon at Derna, Floyd Gibbons report of Belleau Wood, and by playing the photographer Joe Rosenthal on top of Mt. Suribachi at the precise moment five Marines and one Corpsman raised the flag. There have been several big thinkers in the Marine Corps history that had the foresight to see what it would take to keep the Marine Corps alive in the future.The continuous struggle for a viable existence clearly fixed one of th e distinguishing characteristics of the Corps, a sensitive paranoia that has led to the Marines always challenging themselves to higher standards just to stay in the fight. The Marines have almost been disbanded several times throughout history. The Army has tried to disband or absorb us on more than one occasion. The Navy has tried to kick us off of their ships and hinder us from having any say so in any major military actions.Each time we have succeeded through congress and the American people to stay alive by showing we live, fight, and act to a higher standard than any of the other services. It is said the Marine Corps is the best in amphibious assault. In truth we were the first of the U. S. military to study it in depth. The Marines developed the Tentative Manual in 1934, which in 1935 was renamed the Manual for Naval Overseas Operations. It took seven months to write. This was a major part of the strategy for World War II, and was crucial for the Pacific island hopping campai gn.The Marines Corps has always struggled with the need for money, and one major example is outlined in Chapter Five and Chapter Six about how most of the doctrine was made before the Marines even had enough boats that could actually storm a beach. By the end of 1941, the Navy finally decided that the Marines were right and adopted the Higgins boat and the LVT and the Pacific Campaign was finally possible. The United States Congress sees the Marines as very frugal. This is another point that has kept the Marines here throughout the last two hundred years.They have been able to get into the Seminole War and the Mexican War because the Commandant told the President Marines would be cheaper to use than the Army. Under Commandant Lejeune the Marines actually returned money to the Treasury at the end of the fiscal year. From uniform items to equipment, compared to the other branches, all have been cheaper or out modeled. Finally in 1954 the Department of Defense engaged in a massive stan dardization program. Contracting and Manufacturing were consolidated but the Supply Depot still sits where it always has as a testament to the frugality of Marines over generations. 2. LESSON: The Marine Corps has been tested again and again about their very existence over the years. Each and every time the Marine Corps has stepped up to the test, and will continue to do so. The U. S. Congress has had to step in a few times to help the Marines, but they only do so because of our actions they have seen and the American people still want the Marine Corps alive. From the time a recruit steps on the yellow footprints all the way to a commissioned officer, all must strive to be better than they are, and continually raise the bar.If not the Marine Corps will cease to exist. If it was not for a small group of extremely dedicated Marines, the Marine Corps would already be a thing of history. 13. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, I think this is a very motivated book. It goes through past events th at made the Marine Corps what it is today. It is extremely detailed into what Lieutenant General Victor Krulak did and was a part of during his career. There is pride and purpose in it that show through his words what it means to be a United States Marine.

Domestic Violence Essay

Before I answer to this question, let me tell you a short story. Her friends describe Maria â€Å"as the perfect girl†. She is beautiful, she is working and she has many friends. However, Maria has many problems in her family. Her father is alcoholic and he is not working to feet his family. So, Maria and her mother are doing two or three jobs each in order to earn enough money to survive. Her father was hitting her and her mother almost everyday. One day one of Maria’s friends that know what it was happening report this situation to the police in order to help Maria. When the police ask Maria if she believes that there are any signs of Domestic Violence in her family, her answer was just like that â€Å"Of course not, no one rape me or my mother or my little brother.† I am here to talk you about Domestic Violence and specifically what it is, how common it is and some basic signs of identifying it in everyday life. In 1993 the Home Affairs Select Committee (HASC) Report on Domestic Violence used the following definition: â€Å"any form of physical, sexual or emotional abuse which takes place within the context of a close relationship. In most cases, the relationship will be between partners (married, cohabiting, or otherwise) or ex-partners†. So domestic violence can affect many aspects of someone’s life. It is more likely to acts against women more than men. Crime survey found that 45% women and 26% men had experienced at least one incident of inter – personal violence in their lifetimes. This means that women affected almost twice as much than men. Domestic violence is repetitive, life – threatening and can destroy the lives of women, children and men. I will be concentrating on how common is domestic violence nowadays. The association for domestic violence prevention in the family was founded in Nicosia on the 25th July 1990. The association is an non- profitable organization. An Administration Body of 9 members also administrates the association. The goals of the association are prevention of use in the family, immediate help to victims in the family, shetter to victims of family members and provide information and generate awareness of the public for the problem of domestic violence. According to the statistics 20% of the murders are due to family violence, generally speaking the police signify two events of domestic violence murders a year. In 2009 8 out of 19 murders are family-violence murders. 85% of murderers are men and 15% are women. 36% of victims are men and 54% are women. We have seen until know how common is domestic violence between sexes but it is very important to highlight some points that can help you to recognize an abusive act or relationship. All forms of domestic violence, psychological, economic, emotional and physical come from the abuser’s desire and control over other family members or intimate partners. Although every situation is unique, there are common factors that link the experience of an abusive relationship. Acknowledging these factors is an important step in preventing and stopping the abuse. This list can help you to recognize if you, or someone you know, are in an abusive relationship. Firstly, is the destructive criticism and verbal abuse like shouting/mocking/ accusing/name/calling verbally threatening. Secondly, the Pressure tactics like sulking; threatening to withhold money, disconnect the telephone; lying to your friends and family about you; telling you that you have no choice in any decisions. Thirdly, when they show to you disrespect for example putting you down in front of other people; not listening or responding when you talk; interrupting your telephone calls; taking money from your purse without asking. Also when breaking your trust, for example lying to you; being jealous and having other relationships. The most serious forms of domestic violence is the sexual and physical violence. Using force, threats or intimidation to make you perform sexual acts or having sex without want it. Punching, slapping, hitting, biting kicking and so on are part of the physical violence. Maria now, knows that the problems that she was having are fall in Domestic Violence. Now she can realize that rape is not only the main cause of it. She and her mother report her father in the police. But even though Maria she is never going to forget what it was happening to her all these years. Further to my analysis of what Domestic Violence is, how common it is and what are the basic signs of it I will show you once again which are the statistics about reported facts of Domestic Violence in the UK. 1. One call about Domestic Violence every minute†¦ 2. 1,300 calls each day†¦ 3. 570,000 every year†¦ After all now you know what Domestic Violence is. Next time you are asked what Domestic Violence is †¦., now you Know the answer.

Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine Essays

Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine Essays Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine Paper Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine Paper Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine. Despite this similarity, the two magazines are significantly different in many terms of the language framework. The combination of a similarity and a variety of key differences makes the two magazines especially appropriate for comparison and analysis. The magazine appears to appeal to a younger generation of readers than Edge, which is particularly evident from the framework features of lexis and graphology contained within the text. Lexis The complexity of language found in Games Master is somewhat inferior to that in Edge. Propulsion and innovative are examples of lexis which are not comparable to the lexical elevation of Edge. There are also items which suggest Games Masters intended audience, like emotive language often used to modify verbs and nouns. Examples of this are dribs, drabs, zipping, whizzing, toxicity and thwack among many others. The words present a sense of comparative informality which would appeal to a younger audience, rather than older one. The amount of specialist lexis is relatively reasonable (see Pie Chart Analyses) but also lacks the elevation of that in Edge. Gameplay is the most complex of these words in Games Master which strongly suggests the magazines audience as the casual gamer. By this I mean a person who has no interest in the technical aspect of games reviewing and only the games more interesting aspects. Grammar The most noticeable difference between Games Master and Edge is the sentence length and structure. Games Master never uses any short sentences, but instead longer ones to suit the method of review. While Edge based its review on the history of the game and its main advantages and flaws, Games Master produces a more in-game and storytelling review. : Because of this, the text flows avoiding constant interruption by the full stop. An example of the sentence length is in When Mario is wrongly convicted of vandalism on his arrival, hes forced to use Flood to clean up the mess as part of his community service: and so begins a long chase to find the real culprit in each of the games worlds. I initially believed Edge would contain the longest sentences due to its formal nature, but instead uses complex phonological and lexical techniques such as cohesion. Games Master is the opposite and contains long sentences with no hidden framework techniques and a less direct approach. Whereas Edge is direct in its points, Games Master uses metaphorical and imaginative terms to describe things. The following is two extracts from Edge and Games Master, reviewing the game in comparison to imitators, reinforcing this theory: (See overleaf for quote comparison). Games Master: Nintendo developers somehow manage to pour buckets of curdled shame on their competitors. Edge: Everyone was waiting for Nintendos guiding light, and it arrives, and its far above its imitators, but someway below its inspiration. Apart from biased implications, the differences are obvious. Games Masters metaphoric language suits its audience well by producing a more reader friendly image. The relative formality of Edge can also be seen in this example. Graphology The graphological features of Games Master are important in distinguishing its intended audience. The amount of images (information extracted from Pie Chart Analyses Section) is particularly useful. Their number causes them to dominate the page, patronising the text, but their placements are also important. Instead of the harmonic order found in Edge, Games Masters screenshots are littered about on tilted angles with a relative lack of structure. Of course, this makes the page more appealing, especially to the younger eye. Another important feature lacked by both Edge and FHM is the appearance of the games character, twice on the first two pages. The character, Mario, dominates the first page in the form of a blown up screenshot extract. This signifies the intended audience and lays the foundation of the reviews style (basic with a low specialised lexis count). However, the most important feature is the award that is given to the game, situated on the first page Gaming Masterpiece. In my opinion, this is an indicator of the magazines relatively informal format as it is an encouragement for the audience to read the review, and which particularly draws younger readers into it something which formal articles, broadsheet newspapers as an example, do not use. In reinforcement, this award system is also used by FHM who use Game of the Month. In relation to these two, Edge expectantly does not use such a system, and the games review score even takes a subsidiary role. In relation to this feature, the use of fact boxes suggests similar things. An example of this in Games Master can be found on the second page in the top right. The contents are not even particularly relevant and even quite abstract, but it is this kind of item which attracts a young audience. The review is completed with a review box situated at the bottom right of the final page. It is divided into the three key parts of games review, which is a feature confirming tabloid similarity in terms of subtitles. They are used for easy reference which suggests the audience of Games Master is of lower education than Edge, which strictly structures all of its points within the main review, and lacks a review box. The subtitle structure is also used in the main review, and gives very general ideas upon what the following section is about, exactly like a tabloid newspaper. Phonology Onomatopoeia is the key phonological feature of the Games Master review. This is directly linked to the lexical use of a magazine with a young audience. The following are examples of onomatopoeia in Games Master. Zipping, gloop, thwack, zip and swoosh. All of these words are informal and resultantly make phonology another feature which suggests the youth or education of the audience. The Games Master whole text also appears to portray a much more spoken tone than that of Edge which contributes to its high readability. An example of this is the instructive, but humorous sentence, Dont get Yoshi wet! Use his regurgitastic spit. But dont even think of chucking on a constable, like us. Helpfully, this sentence also contains further implications which would fall into sections of lexis and grammar, but have been mentioned here due to their relevance to the section of phonology. Firstly, the type and level of humour is that which would amuse readers of an early age (8 -14 years). The humour is based around one of the games characters spitting ability and the magazine focuses upon using this upon a policeman, which is something a young person might feel rebellious doing, thus producing an element of humour. Secondly, the non-dictionary lexical item of regurgitastic is used. The word itself shares the suffix of the adverb fantastic and thus exaggerates the dictionary word, regurgitate. The suffix tastic replaces the previous one of tate. The word now appears much more interesting and appealing to the younger audience. Thirdly, the use of the exclamation mark, ! , adds a degree of humorous instruction to the sentence and contributes to its spoken tone. A final point on this sentence is its ending, like us, which serves the purpose of encouraging the reader to do what has previously been said. Although they jokingly warn against it, the rebellious implications of the sentence will make the reader do it (spitting on the policeman) and the like us ending will simply cause the reader to want to follow the magazines example. Discourse The audience of Games Master is significantly confirmed by the magazines lexical use and phonological features. The tone is generally spoken in order to involve the audience more and particularly to appeal to their youth. Elements such as pronouns, exclamation marks and humour echo this theory. Games Masters purpose is to inform in a humorous way. However, it differs from Edge because it strongly bases its informing upon the games storyline rather than Edges tendency to cover how good the game is which is the point of a review.

Top university rankings

Top university rankings University Oxford Tops Top places institutions struggle to obtain the highest places in the world scale rankings, since having all possible awards and honors; they struggle for the world’s recognition. It is something like sport race in academic circles. Having established huge research base and lecturing staff these educational giants compete in the quantity of trans-border students, researches and international prospect. There are the queues of students, who want to enter universities with the position in the top possible ranking and only the best of the best achieve this. Lucky owners of diplomas from these universities have all doors to successful carrier open before them. For the last five years California Institute of Technology occupied the leading place in regard to Times Higher Education table of the best universities. This year Oxford took the first place and made California Technology Institute to be put to a lower position (2nd place). New view on the British education Since the European Union membership referendum of the United Kingdom of 2016 there appeared a threat that it would reflect the attitude of many countries in regard to many spheres of the UK. And this point also has to do with education, as now the treatment of the UK education and its institutions by the international students can greatly change. The referendum seemingly already disturbs some incertitude in this sector and new changes appear in it. For example, the ability for some researchers and lecturers to cooperate with other European scientists underwent some shifts. Now it is not so easy for them to lead the mutual work in many educational aspects and scientific researches. The possibility to carry out some international education conferences and symposiums between the British institutions and those, which are located in other states in Europe is significantly lower, that before. Of course, as of now, this point is not of a great concern, but nevertheless, it visibly brought new issues and troubles. This year the British are the best The results shown this year in regard to the best institutions board of the Times Higher Education of world-wide leaderboard of universities undoubtedly make the United Kingdom proud. Oxford University, the oldest in regard to the English speaking world, became the first in the world ranking, leaving behind other institutions, and in particular, California Institute of Technology, which was the 1st past year. It should be noted that this year’s rankings results also showed the streaming moving up of Asian universities, coming to 25 best in the world. This means that institutions of the US and those in Europe, which so long possessed the superiority in regard to education, gave way to Asian universities concerning some points. These shifts cannot leave indifferent even the biggest skeptics, which prove that new times sometimes bring unexpected and unpredictable things. Oxford is the leader University of Oxford is known to be the university with the richest far-back history in English speaking world that was founded in about 1096 and since then remained one of the best institutions worldwide in all times. Thousands of trans-border multicountry students come to it for one of the best possible educations on the globe each year. Placed always in the top 10 universities in the world scale, it proved to provide the front-rank education, study conditions, scientific researches etc. at any time. In 2017 Oxford is the first in line worldwide not only in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, but also in the Forbes's World University Rankings. Oxford was also recognized as one of the world’s â€Å"six super brands† in regard to World Reputation Rankings. And concerning the World University Rankings (QS) in relation to Subject, Oxford University obtained the first position in the list in relation to the Humanities disciplines, such as English Language and Literature, History and Geography. It can be stated that, no matter what time is nearby and what attitudes the world’s society can have, the rooted traditions prove to be the best. This is what can be said of the University of Oxford – the one that was always the leader and remains the one, no matter what.

The Supreme Court case, Commissioner v. Tufts, 463 U.S. 1215 (1983) Essay

The Supreme Court case, Commissioner v. Tufts, 463 U.S. 1215 (1983) - Essay Example The court based its decision on a tax benefits theory. The taxpayer would have received untaxed income as at the time the loan was extended unless the amount of the mortgage shall be deemed to have been realized. The taxpayer would have therefore received untaxed income at that time when the loan was extended and would have been entitled to an increase in his basis in the property for depreciation purposes by the amount of his liability and would avoid taxation upon the ending of the obligation (Watson, 2011). i) The first is the fact that loan proceeds do not qualify as income to a taxpayer because he incurs an obligation to repay the loan at the agreed terms to the creditor. If and when the borrower is relieved of the liability for the loan, the proceeds of the loan will henceforth be included in his income as if he received the cash to satisfy the obligation. It takes us back to point the difference that is apparent when compared to Crane v. Commissioner: 331 U.S. 1 (1947). In this matter the petitioner had sought the Supreme Court‘s judicial review of an earlier decision by the court of appeal on how a taxpayer who acquired property subject to the unassumed mortgage. The taxpayer held the property for some time before selling so encumbered and was to account for taxable gains from the sale proceeds. The Supreme Court held by affirming the decision of the court of appeal that had held that the tax court’s use of equity as a basis for the determination of either a gain or l oss was, therefore, improper. ii) The second fact is that the recovery within a taxable year of a previously deducted item must, therefore, be included in gross income to the extent that it produced a tax benefit in that previous year. Deductions for the purposes of depreciation provide a shelter from tax. Therefore, a taxpayer’s basis in his